James Joyce (1882-1941) was an Irish novelist and poet who left Dublin in his early twenties and spent his life in Trieste, Zurich and Paris, writing about almost nothing else. Dubliners took nine years to find a publisher willing to print it; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was followed by Ulysses, which was prosecuted for obscenity, and finally by Finnegans Wake. His reworking of interior monologue reshaped the twentieth-century novel.